=====

Fiona

Fiona is OGR's neat and nimble API for Python programmers.

.. image:: https://travis-ci.org/Toblerity/Fiona.png?branch=master :target: https://travis-ci.org/Toblerity/Fiona

.. image:: https://ci.appveyor.com/api/projects/status/github/Toblerity/Fiona?svg=true :target: https://ci.appveyor.com/project/sgillies/fiona/branch/master

.. image:: https://coveralls.io/repos/Toblerity/Fiona/badge.png :target: https://coveralls.io/r/Toblerity/Fiona

Fiona is designed to be simple and dependable. It focuses on reading and writing data in standard Python IO style and relies upon familiar Python types and protocols such as files, dictionaries, mappings, and iterators instead of classes specific to OGR. Fiona can read and write real-world data using multi-layered GIS formats and zipped virtual file systems and integrates readily with other Python GIS packages such as pyproj, Rtree, and Shapely_. Fiona is supported only on CPython versions 2.7 and 3.4+.

For more details, see:

Fiona home page <https://github.com/Toblerity/Fiona>__
Fiona docs and manual <https://fiona.readthedocs.io/en/stable/>__
Fiona examples <https://github.com/Toblerity/Fiona/tree/master/examples>__

Usage

Collections

Records are read from and written to file-like Collection objects returned from the fiona.open() function. Records are mappings modeled on the GeoJSON format. They don't have any spatial methods of their own, so if you want to do anything fancy with them you will probably need Shapely or something like it. Here is an example of using Fiona to read some records from one data file, change their geometry attributes, and write them to a new data file.

.. code-block:: python

import fiona

# Open a file for reading. We'll call this the "source."

with fiona.open('tests/data/coutwildrnp.shp') as src:

    # The file we'll write to, the "destination", must be initialized
    # with a coordinate system, a format driver name, and
    # a record schema.  We can get initial values from the open
    # collection's ``meta`` property and then modify them as
    # desired.

    meta = src.meta
    meta['schema']['geometry'] = 'Point'

    # Open an output file, using the same format driver and
    # coordinate reference system as the source. The ``meta``
    # mapping fills in the keyword parameters of fiona.open().

    with fiona.open('test_write.shp', 'w', **meta) as dst:

        # Process only the records intersecting a box.
        for f in src.filter(bbox=(-107.0, 37.0, -105.0, 39.0)):

            # Get a point on the boundary of the record's
            # geometry.

            f['geometry'] = {
                'type': 'Point',
                'coordinates': f['geometry']['coordinates'][0][0]}

            # Write the record out.

            dst.write(f)

# The destination's contents are flushed to disk and the file is
# closed when its ``with`` block ends. This effectively
# executes ``dst.flush(); dst.close()``.

Reading Multilayer data

Collections can also be made from single layers within multilayer files or directories of data. The target layer is specified by name or by its integer index within the file or directory. The fiona.listlayers() function provides an index ordered list of layer names.

.. code-block:: python

for layername in fiona.listlayers('tests/data'):
    with fiona.open('tests/data', layer=layername) as src:
        print(layername, len(src))

# Output:
# (u'coutwildrnp', 67)

Layer can also be specified by index. In this case, layer=0 and layer='test_uk' specify the same layer in the data file or directory.

.. code-block:: python

for i, layername in enumerate(fiona.listlayers('tests/data')):
    with fiona.open('tests/data', layer=i) as src:
        print(i, layername, len(src))

# Output:
# (0, u'coutwildrnp', 67)

Writing Multilayer data

Multilayer data can be written as well. Layers must be specified by name when writing.

.. code-block:: python

with open('tests/data/cowildrnp.shp') as src:
    meta = src.meta
    f = next(src)

with fiona.open('/tmp/foo', 'w', layer='bar', **meta) as dst:
    dst.write(f)

print(fiona.listlayers('/tmp/foo'))

with fiona.open('/tmp/foo', layer='bar') as src:
    print(len(src))
    f = next(src)
    print(f['geometry']['type'])
    print(f['properties'])

    # Output:
    # [u'bar']
    # 1
    # Polygon
    # OrderedDict([(u'PERIMETER', 1.22107), (u'FEATURE2', None), (u'NAME', u'Mount Naomi Wilderness'), (u'FEATURE1', u'Wilderness'), (u'URL', u'http://www.wilderness.net/index.cfm?fuse=NWPS&sec=wildView&wname=Mount%20Naomi'), (u'AGBUR', u'FS'), (u'AREA', 0.0179264), (u'STATE_FIPS', u'49'), (u'WILDRNP020', 332), (u'STATE', u'UT')])

A view of the /tmp/foo directory will confirm the creation of the new files.

.. code-block:: console

$ ls /tmp/foo
bar.cpg bar.dbf bar.prj bar.shp bar.shx

Collections from archives and virtual file systems

Zip and Tar archives can be treated as virtual filesystems and Collections can be made from paths and layers within them. In other words, Fiona lets you read and write zipped Shapefiles.

.. code-block:: python

for i, layername in enumerate(
        fiona.listlayers('zip://tests/data/coutwildrnp.zip'):
    with fiona.open('zip://tests/data/coutwildrnp.zip', layer=i) as src:
        print(i, layername, len(src))

# Output:
# (0, u'coutwildrnp', 67)

Fiona can also read from more exotic file systems. For instance, a zipped shape file in S3 can be accessed like so:

.. code-block:: python

with fiona.open('zip+s3://mapbox/rasterio/coutwildrnp.zip') as src: print(len(src))

# Output: # 67

Fiona CLI

Fiona's command line interface, named "fio", is documented at docs/cli.rst <https://github.com/Toblerity/Fiona/blob/master/docs/cli.rst>__. Its fio info pretty prints information about a data file.

.. code-block:: console

$ fio info --indent 2 tests/data/coutwildrnp.shp
{
  "count": 67,
  "crs": "EPSG:4326",
  "driver": "ESRI Shapefile",
  "bounds": [
    -113.56424713134766,
    37.0689811706543,
    -104.97087097167969,
    41.99627685546875
  ],
  "schema": {
    "geometry": "Polygon",
    "properties": {
      "PERIMETER": "float:24.15",
      "FEATURE2": "str:80",
      "NAME": "str:80",
      "FEATURE1": "str:80",
      "URL": "str:101",
      "AGBUR": "str:80",
      "AREA": "float:24.15",
      "STATE_FIPS": "str:80",
      "WILDRNP020": "int:10",
      "STATE": "str:80"
    }
  }
}

Installation

Fiona requires Python 2.7 or 3.4+ and GDAL/OGR 1.8+. To build from a source distribution you will need a C compiler and GDAL and Python development headers and libraries (libgdal1-dev for Debian/Ubuntu, gdal-dev for CentOS/Fedora).

To build from a repository copy, you will also need Cython to build C sources from the project's .pyx files. See the project's requirements-dev.txt file for guidance.

The Kyngchaos GDAL frameworks <http://www.kyngchaos.com/software/frameworks#gdal_complete>__ will satisfy the GDAL/OGR dependency for OS X, as will Homebrew's GDAL Formula (brew install gdal).

Python Requirements

Fiona depends on the modules enum34, six, cligj, munch, argparse, and ordereddict (the two latter modules are standard in Python 2.7+). Pip will fetch these requirements for you, but users installing Fiona from a Windows installer must get them separately.

Unix-like systems

Assuming you're using a virtualenv (if not, skip to the 4th command) and GDAL/OGR libraries, headers, and gdal-config_ program are installed to well known locations on your system via your system's package manager (brew install gdal using Homebrew on OS X), installation is this simple.

.. code-block:: console

$ mkdir fionaenv $ virtualenv fionaenv $ source fionaenv/bin/activate (fionaenv)$ pip install fiona

If gdal-config is not available or if GDAL/OGR headers and libs aren't installed to a well known location, you must set include dirs, library dirs, and libraries options via the setup.cfg file or setup command line as shown below (using git). You must also specify the version of the GDAL API on the command line using the --gdalversion argument (see example below) or with the GDAL_VERSION environment variable (e.g. export GDAL_VERSION=2.1).

.. code-block:: console

(fionaenv)$ git clone git://github.com/Toblerity/Fiona.git (fionaenv)$ cd Fiona (fionaenv)$ python setup.py buildext -I/path/to/gdal/include -L/path/to/gdal/lib -lgdal install --gdalversion 2.1

Or specify that build options and GDAL API version should be provided by a particular gdal-config program.

.. code-block:: console

(fionaenv)$ GDALCONFIG=/path/to/gdal-config pip install fiona

Windows

Binary installers are available at http://www.lfd.uci.edu/~gohlke/pythonlibs/#fiona and coming eventually to PyPI.

You can download a binary distribution of GDAL from here <http://www.gisinternals.com/release.php>_. You will also need to download the compiled libraries and headers (include files).

When building from source on Windows, it is important to know that setup.py cannot rely on gdal-config, which is only present on UNIX systems, to discover the locations of header files and libraries that Fiona needs to compile its C extensions. On Windows, these paths need to be provided by the user. You will need to find the include files and the library files for gdal and use setup.py as follows. You must also specify the version of the GDAL API on the command line using the --gdalversion argument (see example below) or with the GDAL_VERSION environment variable (e.g. set GDAL_VERSION=2.1).

.. code-block:: console

$ python setup.py build_ext -I<path to gdal include files> -lgdal_i -L<path to gdal library> install --gdalversion 2.1

Note: The GDAL DLL (gdal111.dll or similar) and gdal-data directory need to be in your Windows PATH otherwise Fiona will fail to work.

The Appveyor CI build uses the GISInternals GDAL binaries to build Fiona. This produces a binary wheel for successful builds, which includes GDAL and other dependencies, for users wanting to try an unstable development version. The Appveyor configuration file may be a useful example for users building from source on Windows.

Development and testing

Building from the source requires Cython. Tests require pytest <http://pytest.org>. If the GDAL/OGR libraries, headers, and gdal-config program are installed to well known locations on your system (via your system's package manager), you can do this::

(fionaenv)$ git clone git://github.com/Toblerity/Fiona.git (fionaenv)$ cd Fiona (fionaenv)$ pip install cython (fionaenv)$ pip install -e .[test] (fiona_env)$ py.test

Or you can use the pep-518-install script::

(fionaenv)$ git clone git://github.com/Toblerity/Fiona.git (fionaenv)$ cd Fiona (fiona_env)$ ./pep-518-install

If you have a non-standard environment, you'll need to specify the include and lib dirs and GDAL library on the command line::

(fionaenv)$ python setup.py buildext -I/path/to/gdal/include -L/path/to/gdal/lib -lgdal --gdalversion 2 develop (fiona_env)$ py.test

.. _OGR: http://www.gdal.org/ogr .. _pyproj: http://pypi.python.org/pypi/pyproj/ .. _Rtree: http://pypi.python.org/pypi/Rtree/ .. _Shapely: http://pypi.python.org/pypi/Shapely/ .. _gdal-config: http://www.gdal.org/gdal-config.html

Changes

All issue numbers are relative to https://github.com/Toblerity/Fiona/issues.

1.8.13 (2019-12-05)

The Python version specs for argparse and ordereddict in 1.8.12 were wrong and have been corrected (#843).

1.8.12 (2019-12-04)

Specify Python versions for argparse, enum34, and ordereddict requirements (#842).

1.8.11 (2019-11-07)

Fix an access violation on Windows (#826).

1.8.10 (2019-11-07)

Deprecations:

Use of vfs keyword argument with open or listlayers has been previously noted as deprecated, but now triggers a deprecation warning.

Bug fixes:

fiona.open() can now create new datasets using CRS URNs (#823).
listlayers() now accepts file and Path objects, like open() (#825).
Use new setprojsearchpath() function to set the PROJ data search path. For GDAL versions before 3.0 this sets the PROJLIB environment variable. For GDAL version 3.0 this calls OSRSetPROJSearchPaths(), which overrides PROJ_LIB.
Remove old and unused _drivers extension module.
Check for header.dxf file instead of pcs.csv when looking for installed GDAL data. The latter is gone with GDAL 3.0 but the former remains (#818).

1.8.9.post2 (2019-10-22)

The 1.8.9.post1 release introduced a bug affecting builds of the package from a source distribution using GDAL 2.x. This bug has been fixed in commit 960568d.

1.8.9.post1 (2019-10-22)

A change has been made to the package setup script so that the shim module for GDAL 3 is used when building the package from a source distribution. There are no other changes to the package.

1.8.9 (2019-10-21)

A shim module and support for GDAL 3.0 has been added. The package can now be built and used with GDAL 3.0 and PROJ 6.1 or 6.2. Note that the 1.8.9 wheels we will upload to PyPI will contain GDAL 2.4.2 and PROJ 4.9.3 as in the 1.8.8 wheels.

1.8.8 (2019-09-25)

The schema of geopackage files with a geometry type code of 3000 could not be reported using Fiona 1.8.7. This bug is fixed.

1.8.7 (2019-09-24)

Bug fixes:

Regression in handling of polygons with M values noted under version 1.8.5 below was in fact not fixed then (see new report #789), but is fixed in version 1.8.7.
Windows filenames containing "!" are now parsed correctly, fixing issue #742.

Upcoming changes:

In version 1.9.0, the objects yielded when a Collection is iterated will be mutable mappings but will no longer be instances of Python's dict. Version 1.9 is intended to be backwards compatible with 1.8 except where user code tests isinstance(feature, dict). In version 2.0 the new Feature, Geometry, and Properties classes will become immutable mappings. See https://github.com/Toblerity/fiona-rfc/blob/master/rfc/0001-fiona-2-0-changes.md for more discussion of the upcoming changes for version 2.0.

1.8.6 (2019-03-18)

The advertisement for JSON driver enablement in 1.8.5 was false (#176), but in this release they are ready for use.

1.8.5 (2019-03-15)

GDAL seems to work best if GDALDATA is set as early as possible. Ideally it is set when building the library or in the environment before importing Fiona, but for wheels we patch GDALDATA into os.environ when fiona.env is imported. This resolves #731.
A combination of bugs which allowed .cpg files to be overlooked has been fixed (#726).
On entering a collection context (Collection.enter) a new anonymous GDAL environment is created if needed and entered. This makes with fiona.open(...) as collection: roughly equivalent to with fiona.open(...) as collection, Env():. This helps prevent bugs when Collections are created and then used later or in different scopes.
Missing GDAL support for TopoJSON, GeoJSONSeq, and ESRIJSON has been enabled (#721).
A regression in handling of polygons with M values (#724) has been fixed.
Per-feature debug logging calls in OGRFeatureBuilder methods have been eliminated to improve feature writing performance (#718).
Native support for datasets in Google Cloud Storage identified by "gs" resource names has been added (#709).
Support has been added for triangle, polyhedral surface, and TIN geometry types (#679).
Notes about using the MemoryFile and ZipMemoryFile classes has been added to the manual (#674).

1.8.4 (2018-12-10)

3D geometries can now be transformed with a specified precision (#523).
A bug producing a spurious DriverSupportError for Shapefiles with a "time" field (#692) has been fixed.
Patching of the GDAL_DATA environment variable was accidentally left in place in 1.8.3 and now has been removed.

1.8.3 (2018-11-30)

The RASTERIOENV config environment marker this project picked up from Rasterio has been renamed to FIONAENV (#665).
Options --gdal-data and --proj-data have been added to the fio-env command so that users of Rasterio wheels can get paths to set GDALDATA and PROJLIB environment variables.
The unsuccessful attempt to make GDAL and PROJ support file discovery and configuration automatic within collection's crs and crswkt properties has been reverted. Users must execute such code inside a with Env() block or set the GDALDATA and PROJ_LIB environment variables needed by GDAL.

1.8.2 (2018-11-19)

Bug fixes:

Raise FionaValueError when an iterator's next is called and the session is found to be missing or inactive instead of passing a null pointer to OGRLGetNextFeature (#687).

1.8.1 (2018-11-15)

Bug fixes:

Add checks around OSRGetAuthorityName and OSRGetAuthorityCode calls that will log problems with looking up these items.
Opened data sources are now released before we raise exceptions in WritingSession.start (#676). This fixes an issue with locked files on Windows.
We now ensure that an Env instance exists when getting the crs or crs_wkt properties of a Collection (#673, #690). Otherwise, required GDAL and PROJ data files included in Fiona wheels can not be found.
GDAL and PROJ data search has been refactored to improve testability (#678).
In the project's Cython code, void* pointers have been replaced with proper GDAL types (#672).
Pervasive warning level log messages about ENCODING creation options (#668) have been eliminated.

1.8.0 (2018-10-31)

This is the final 1.8.0 release. Thanks, everyone!

Bug fixes:

We cpdef Session.stop so that it has a C version that can be called safely from dealloc, fixing a PyPy issue (#659, #553).

1.8rc1 (2018-10-26)

There are no changes in 1.8rc1 other than more test standardization and the introduction of a temporary testcollectionlegacy.py module to support the build of fully tested Python 2.7 macosx wheels on Travis-CI.

1.8b2 (2018-10-23)

Bug fixes:

The ensureenvwith_credentials decorator will no longer clobber credentials of the outer environment. This fixes a bug reported to the Rasterio project and which also existed in Fiona.
An unused import of the packaging module and the dependency have been removed (#653).
The Env class logged to the 'rasterio' hierarchy instead of 'fiona'. This mistake has been corrected (#646).
The Mapping abstract base class is imported from collections.abc when possible (#647).

Refactoring:

Standardization of the tests on pytest functions and fixtures continues and is nearing completion (#648, #649, #650, #651, #652).

1.8b1 (2018-10-15)

Deprecations:

Collection slicing has been deprecated and will be prohibited in a future version.

Bug fixes:

Rasterio CRS objects passed to transform module methods will be converted to dicts as needed (#590).
Implicitly convert curve geometries to their linear approximations rather than failing (#617).
Migrated unittest test cases in testcollection.py and testlayer.py to the use of the standard datadir and pathcoutwildrnp_shp fixtures (#616).
Root logger configuration has been removed from all test scripts (#615).
An AWS session is created for the CLI context Env only if explicitly requested, matching the behavior of Rasterio's CLI (#635).
Dependency on attrs is made explicit.
Other dependencies are pinned to known good versions in requirements files.
Unused arguments have been removed from the Env constructor (#637).

Refactoring:

A withcontextenv decorator has been added and used to set up the GDAL environment for CLI commands. The command functions themselves are now simplified.

1.8a3 (2018-10-01)

Deprecations:

The fiona.drivers() context manager is officially deprecated. All users should switch to fiona.Env(), which registers format drivers and manages GDAL configuration in a reversible manner.

Bug fixes:

The Collection class now filters log messages about skipped fields to a maximum of one warning message per field (#627).
The boto3 module is only imported when needed (#507, #629).
Compatibility with Click 7.0 is achieved (#633).
Use of %r instead of %s in a debug() call prevents UnicodeDecodeErrors (#620).

1.8a2 (2018-07-24)

New features:

64-bit integers are the now the default for int type fields (#562, #564).
'http', 's3', 'zip+http', and 'zip+s3' URI schemes for datasets are now supported (#425, #426).
We've added a MemoryFile class which supports formatted in-memory feature collections (#501).
Added support for GDAL 2.x boolean field sub-type (#531).
A new fio rm command makes it possible to cleanly remove multi-file datasets (#538).
The geometry type in a feature collection is more flexible. We can now specify not only a single geometry type, but a sequence of permissible types, or "Any" to permit any geometry type (#539).
Support for GDAL 2.2+ null fields has been added (#554).
The new gdal_open_vector() function of our internal API provides much improved error handling (#557).

Bug fixes:

The bug involving OrderedDict import on Python 2.7 has been fixed (#533).
An AttributeError raised when the --bbox option of fio-cat is used with more than one input file has been fixed (#543, #544).
Obsolete and derelict fiona.tool module has been removed.
Revert the change in 0a2bc7c that discards Z in geometry types when a collection's schema is reported (#541).
Require six version 1.7 or higher (#550).
A regression related to "zip+s3" URIs has been fixed.
Debian's GDAL data locations are now searched by default (#583).

1.8a1 (2017-11-06)

New features:

Each call of writerecords() involves one or more transactions of up to 20,000 features each. This improves performance when writing GeoPackage files as the previous transaction size was only 200 features (#476, #491).

Packaging:

Fiona's Cython source files have been refactored so that there are no longer separate extension modules for GDAL 1.x and GDAL 2.x. Instead there is a base extension module based on GDAL 2.x and shim modules for installations that use GDAL 1.x.

1.7.11.post1 (2018-01-08)

This post-release adds missing expat (and thereby GPX format) support to the included GDAL library (still version 2.2.2).

1.7.11 (2017-12-14)

The encoding keyword argument for fiona.open(), which is intended to allow a caller to override a data source's own and possibly erroneous encoding, has not been working (#510, #512). The problem is that we weren't always setting GDAL open or config options before opening the data sources. This bug is resolved by a number of commits in the maint-1.7 branch and the fix is demonstrated in tests/test_encoding.py.
An --encoding option has been added to fio-load to enable creation of encoded shapefiles with an accompanying .cpg file (#499, #517).

1.7.10.post1 (2017-10-30)

A post-release has been made to fix a problem with macosx wheels uploaded to PyPI.

1.7.10 (2017-10-26)

Bug fixes:

An extraneous printed line from the rio cat --layers validator has been removed (#478).

Packaging:

Official OS X and Manylinux1 wheels (on PyPI) for this release will be compatible with Shapely 1.6.2 and Rasterio 1.0a10 wheels.

1.7.9.post1 (2017-08-21)

This release introduces no changes in the Fiona package. It upgrades GDAL from 2.2.0 to 2.2.1 in wheels that we publish to the Python Package Index.

1.7.9 (2017-08-17)

Bug fixes:

Acquire the GIL for GDAL error callback functions to prevent crashes when GDAL errors occur when the GIL has been released by user code.
Sync and flush layers when closing even when the number of features is not precisely known (#467).

1.7.8 (2017-06-20)

Bug fixes:

Provide all arguments needed by CPLError based exceptions (#456).

1.7.7 (2017-06-05)

Bug fixes:

Switch logger warn() (deprecated) calls to warning().
Replace all relative imports and cimports in Cython modules with absolute imports (#450).
Avoid setting PROJ_LIB to a non-existent directory (#439).

1.7.6 (2017-04-26)

Bug fixes:

Fall back to share/proj for PROJ_LIB (#440).
Replace every call to OSRDestroySpatialReference() with OSRRelease(), fixing the GPKG driver crasher reported in #441 (#443).
Add a DriverIOError derived from IOError to use for driver-specific errors such as the GeoJSON driver's refusal to overwrite existing files. Also we now ensure that when this error is raised by fiona.open() any created read or write session is deleted, this eliminates spurious exceptions on teardown of broken Collection objects (#437, #444).

1.7.5 (2017-03-20)

Bug fixes:

Opening a data file in read (the default) mode with fiona.open() using the the driver or drivers keyword arguments (to specify certain format drivers) would sometimes cause a crash on Windows due to improperly terminated lists of strings (#428). The fix: Fiona's buggy string_list() has been replaced by GDAL's CSLAddString().

1.7.4 (2017-02-20)

Bug fixes:

OGR's EsriJSON detection fails when certain keys aren't found in the first 6000 bytes of data passed to BytesCollection (#422). A .json file extension is now explicitly given to the in-memory file behind BytesCollection when the driver='GeoJSON' keyword argument is given (#423).

1.7.3 (2017-02-14)

Roses are red. Tan is a pug. Software regression's the most embarrassing bug.

Bug fixes:

Use __stdcall for GDAL error handling callback on Windows as in Rasterio.
Turn on latent support for zip:// URLs in rio-cat and rio-info (#421).
The 1.7.2 release broke support for zip files with absolute paths (#418). This regression has been fixed with tests to confirm.

1.7.2 (2017-01-27)

Future Deprecation:

Collection.__next__() is buggy in that it can lead to duplication of features when used in combination with Collection.filter() or Collection.__iter__(). It will be removed in Fiona 2.0. Please check for usage of this deprecated feature by running your tests or programs with PYTHONWARNINGS="always:::fiona" or -W"always:::fiona" and switch from next(collection) to next(iter(collection)) (#301).

Bug fix:

Zipped streams of bytes can be accessed by BytesCollection (#318).

1.7.1.post1 (2016-12-23)

New binary wheels using version 1.2.0 of sgillies/frs-wheel-builds. See https://github.com/sgillies/frs-wheel-builds/blob/master/CHANGES.txt.

1.7.1 (2016-11-16)

Bug Fixes:

Prevent Fiona from stumbling over 'Z', 'M', and 'ZM' geometry types introduced in GDAL 2.1 (#384). Fiona 1.7.1 doesn't add explicit support for these types, they are coerced to geometry types 1-7 ('Point', 'LineString', etc.)
Raise an UnsupportedGeometryTypeError when a bogus or unsupported geometry type is encountered in a new collection's schema or elsewhere (#340).
Enable --precision 0 for fio-cat (#370).
Prevent datetime exceptions from unnecessarily stopping collection iteration by yielding None (#385)
Replace log.warn calls with log.warning calls (#379).
Print an error message if neither gdal-config or --gdalversion indicate a GDAL C API version when running setup.py (#364).
Let dict-like subclasses through CRS type checks (#367).

1.7.0post2 (2016-06-15)

Packaging: define extension modules for 'clean' and 'config' targets (#363).

1.7.0post1 (2016-06-15)

Packaging: No files are copied for the 'clean' setup target (#361, #362).

1.7.0 (2016-06-14)

The C extension modules in this library can now be built and used with either a 1.x or 2.x release of the GDAL library. Big thanks to René Buffat for leading this effort.

Refactoring:

The ogrext1.pyx and ogrext2.pyx files now use separate C APIs defined in ogrext1.pxd and ogrex2.pxd. The other extension modules have been refactored so that they do not depend on either of these modules and use subsets of the GDAL/OGR API compatible with both GDAL 1.x and 2.x (#359).

Packaging:

Source distributions now contain two different sources for the ogrext extension module. The ogrext1.c file will be used with GDAL 1.x and the ogrext2.c file will be used with GDAL 2.x.

1.7b2 (2016-06-13)

New feature: enhancement of the --layer option for fio-cat and fio-dump to allow separate layers of one or more multi-layer input files to be selected (#349).

1.7b1 (2016-06-10)

New feature: support for GDAL version 2+ (#259).
New feature: a new fio-calc CLI command (#273).
New feature: --layer options for fio-info (#316) and fio-load (#299).
New feature: a --no-parse option for fio-collect that lets a careful user avoid extra JSON serialization and deserialization (#306).
Bug fix: +wktext is now preserved when serializing CRS from WKT to PROJ.4 dicts (#352).
Bug fix: a small memory leak when opening a collection has been fixed (#337).
Bug fix: internal unicode errors now result in a log message and a UnicodeError exception, not a TypeError (#356).

1.6.4 (2016-05-06)

Raise ImportError if the active GDAL library version is >= 2.0 instead of failing unpredictably (#338, #341). Support for GDAL>=2.0 is coming in Fiona 1.7.

1.6.3.post1 (2016-03-27)

No changes to the library in this post-release version, but there is a significant change to the distributions on PyPI: to help make Fiona more compatible with Shapely on OS X, the GDAL shared library included in the macosx (only) binary wheels now statically links the GEOS library. See https://github.com/sgillies/frs-wheel-builds/issues/5.

1.6.3 (2015-12-22)

Daytime has been decreasing in the Northern Hemisphere, but is now increasing again as it should.
Non-UTF strings were being passed into OGR functions in some situations and on Windows this would sometimes crash a Python process (#303). Fiona now raises errors derived from UnicodeError when field names or field values can't be encoded.

1.6.2 (2015-09-22)

Providing only PROJ4 representations in the dataset meta property resulted in loss of CRS information when using the fiona.open(..., **src.meta) as dst pattern (#265). This bug has been addressed by adding a crs_wkt item to themeta property and extending thefiona.open()` and the collection constructor to look for and prioritize this keyword argument.

1.6.1 (2015-08-12)

Bug fix: Fiona now deserializes JSON-encoded string properties provided by the OGR GeoJSON driver (#244, #245, #246).
Bug fix: proj4 data was not copied properly into binary distributions due to a typo (#254).

Special thanks to WFMU DJ Liz Berg for the awesome playlist that's fueling my release sprint. Check it out at http://wfmu.org/playlists/shows/62083. You can't unhear Love Coffin.

1.6.0 (2015-07-21)

Upgrade Cython requirement to 0.22 (#214).
New BytesCollection class (#215).
Add GDAL's OpenFileGDB driver to registered drivers (#221).
Implement CLI commands as plugins (#228).
Raise click.abort instead of calling sys.exit, preventing suprising exits (#236).

1.5.1 (2015-03-19)

Restore test data to sdists by fixing MANIFEST.in (#216).

1.5.0 (2015-02-02)

Finalize GeoJSON feature sequence options (#174).
Fix for reading of datasets that don't support feature counting (#190).
New test dataset (#188).
Fix for encoding error (#191).
Remove confusing warning (#195).
Add data files for binary wheels (#196).
Add control over drivers enabled when reading datasets (#203).
Use cligj for CLI options involving GeoJSON (#204).
Fix fio-info --bounds help (#206).

1.4.8 (2014-11-02)

Add missing crs_wkt property as in Rasterio (#182).

1.4.7 (2014-10-28)

Fix setting of CRS from EPSG codes (#149).

1.4.6 (2014-10-21)

Handle 3D coordinates in bounds() #178.

1.4.5 (2014-10-18)

Add --bbox option to fio-cat (#163).
Skip geopackage tests if run from an sdist (#167).
Add fio-bounds and fio-distrib.
Restore fio-dump to working order.

1.4.4 (2014-10-13)

Fix accidental requirement on GDAL 1.11 introduced in 1.4.3 (#164).

1.4.3 (2014-10-10)

Add support for geopackage format (#160).
Add -f and --format aliases for --driver in CLI (#162).
Add --version option and env command to CLI.

1.4.2 (2014-10-03)

--dst-crs and --src-crs options for fio cat and collect (#159).

1.4.1 (2014-09-30)

Fix encoding bug in collection's getitem (#153).

1.4.0 (2014-09-22)

Add fio cat and fio collect commands (#150).
Return of Python 2.6 compatibility (#148).
Improved CRS support (#149).

1.3.0 (2014-09-17)

Add single metadata item accessors to fio inf (#142).
Move fio to setuptools entry point (#142).
Add fio dump and load commands (#143).
Remove fio translate command.

1.2.0 (2014-09-02)

Always show property width and precision in schema (#123).
Write datetime properties of features (#125).
Reset spatial filtering in filter() (#129).
Accept datetime.date objects as feature properties (#130).
Add slicing to collection iterators (#132).
Add geometry object masks to collection iterators (#136).
Change source layout to match Shapely and Rasterio (#138).

1.1.6 (2014-07-23)

Implement Collection getitem() (#112).
Leave GDAL finalization to the DLL's destructor (#113).
Add Collection keys(), values(), items(), contains() (#114).
CRS bug fix (#116).
Add fio CLI program.

1.1.5 (2014-05-21)

Addition of cpl_errs context manager (#108).
Check for NULLs with '==' test instead of 'is' (#109).
Open auxiliary files with encoding='utf-8' in setup for Python 3 (#110).

1.1.4 (2014-04-03)

Convert 'long' in schemas to 'int' (#101).
Carefully map Python schema to the possibly munged internal schema (#105).
Allow writing of features with geometry: None (#71).

1.1.3 (2014-03-23)

Always register all GDAL and OGR drivers when entering the DriverManager context (#80, #92).
Skip unsupported field types with a warning (#91).
Allow OGR config options to be passed to fiona.drivers() (#90, #93).
Add a bounds() function (#100).
Turn on GPX driver.

1.1.2 (2014-02-14)

Remove collection slice left in dumpgj (#88).

1.1.1 (2014-02-02)

Add an interactive file inspector like the one in rasterio.
CRS to_string bug fix (#83).

1.1 (2014-01-22)

Use a context manager to manage drivers (#78), a backwards compatible but big change. Fiona is now compatible with rasterio and plays better with the osgeo package.

1.0.3 (2014-01-21)

Fix serialization of +init projections (#69).

1.0.2 (2013-09-09)

Smarter, better test setup (#65, #66, #67).
Add type='Feature' to records read from a Collection (#68).
Skip geometry validation when using GeoJSON driver (#61).
Dumpgj file description reports record properties as a list (as in dict.items()) instead of a dict.

1.0.1 (2013-08-16)

Allow ordering of written fields and preservation of field order when reading (#57).

1.0 (2013-07-30)

Add prop_type() function.
Allow UTF-8 encoded paths for Python 2 (#51). For Python 3, paths must always be str, never bytes.
Remove encoding from collection.meta, it's a file creation option only.
Support for linking GDAL frameworks (#54).

0.16.1 (2013-07-02)

Add listlayers, open, prop_width to initpy:all.
Reset reading of OGR layer whenever we ask for a collection iterator (#49).

0.16 (2013-06-24)

Add support for writing layers to multi-layer files.
Add tests to reach 100% Python code coverage.

0.15 (2013-06-06)

Get and set numeric field widths (#42).
Add support for multi-layer data sources (#17).
Add support for zip and tar virtual filesystems (#45).
Add listlayers() function.
Add GeoJSON to list of supported formats (#47).
Allow selection of layers by index or name.

0.14 (2013-05-04)

Add option to add JSON-LD in the dumpgj program.
Compare values to six.string_types in Collection constructor.
Add encoding to Collection.meta.
Document dumpgj in README.

0.13 (2013-04-30)

Python 2/3 compatibility in a single package. Pythons 2.6, 2.7, 3.3 now supported.

0.12.1 (2013-04-16)

Fix messed up linking of README in sdist (#39).

0.12 (2013-04-15)

Fix broken installation of extension modules (#35).
Log CPL errors at their matching Python log levels.
Use upper case for encoding names within OGR, lower case in Python.

0.11 (2013-04-14)

Cythonize .pyx files (#34).
Work with or around OGR's internal recoding of record data (#35).
Fix bug in serialization of int/float PROJ.4 params.

0.10 (2013-03-23)

Add function to get the width of str type properties.
Handle validation and schema representation of 3D geometry types (#29).
Return {'geometry': None} in the case of a NULL geometry (#31).

0.9.1 (2013-03-07)

Silence the logger in ogrext.so (can be overridden).
Allow user specification of record field encoding (like 'Windows-1252' for Natural Earth shapefiles) to help when OGR can't detect it.

0.9 (2013-03-06)

Accessing file metadata (crs, schema, bounds) on never inspected closed files returns None without exceptions.
Add a dict of supported_drivers and their supported modes.
Raise ValueError for unsupported drivers and modes.
Remove asserts from ogrext.pyx.
Add validate_record method to collections.
Add helpful coordinate system functions to fiona.crs.
Promote use of fiona.open over fiona.collection.
Handle Shapefile's mix of LineString/Polygon and multis (#18).
Allow users to specify width of shapefile text fields (#20).

0.8 (2012-02-21)

Replaced .opened attribute with .closed (product of collection() is always opened). Also a del() which will close a Collection, but still not to be depended upon.
Added writerecords method.
Added a record buffer and better counting of records in a collection.
Manage one iterator per collection/session.
Added a read-only bounds property.

0.7 (2012-01-29)

Initial timezone-naive support for date, time, and datetime fields. Don't use these field types if you can avoid them. RFC 3339 datetimes in a string field are much better.

0.6.2 (2012-01-10)

Diagnose and set the driver property of collection in read mode.
Fail if collection paths are not to files. Multi-collection workspaces are a (maybe) TODO.

0.6.1 (2012-01-06)

Handle the case of undefined crs for disk collections.

0.6 (2012-01-05)

Support for collection coordinate reference systems based on Proj4.
Redirect OGR warnings and errors to the Fiona log.
Assert that pointers returned from the ograpi functions are not NULL before using.

0.5 (2011-12-19)

Support for reading and writing collections of any geometry type.
Feature and Geometry classes replaced by mappings (dicts).
Removal of Workspace class.

0.2 (2011-09-16)

Rename WorldMill to Fiona.

0.1.1 (2008-12-04)

Support for features with no geometry.

Credits

Fiona is written by:

Sean Gillies sean.gillies@gmail.com
René Buffat buffat@gmail.com
Joshua Arnott josh@snorfalorpagus.net
Kevin Wurster wursterk@gmail.com
Micah Cochran micahcochran@users.noreply.github.com
Matthew Perry perrygeo@gmail.com
Elliott Sales de Andrade quantum.analyst@gmail.com
Kelsey Jordahl kjordahl@enthought.com
Patrick Young patrick.mckendree.young@gmail.com
Simon Norris snorris@hillcrestgeo.ca
Hannes Gräuler graeuler@geoplex.de
Johan Van de Wauw johan.vandewauw@gmail.com
Jacob Wasserman jwasserman@gmail.com
Michael Weisman mweisman@gmail.com
Ryan Grout rgrout@continuum.io
Bas Couwenberg sebastic@xs4all.nl
Brendan Ward bcward@consbio.org
Hannes kannes@users.noreply.github.com
Michele Citterio michele@citterio.net
Miro Hrončok miro@hroncok.cz
Sid Kapur sid-kap@users.noreply.github.com
Tim Tröndle tim.troendle@usys.ethz.ch
fredj frederic.junod@camptocamp.com
qinfeng
Ariel Nunez ingenieroariel@gmail.com
Ariki Ariki@users.noreply.github.com
Brandon Liu bdon@bdon.org
Chris Mutel cmutel@gmail.com
Denis Rykov rykovd@gmail.com
Efrén chefren@users.noreply.github.com
Egor Fedorov egor.fedorov@emlid.com
Even Rouault even.rouault@mines-paris.org
Filipe Fernandes ocefpaf@gmail.com
Géraud galak75@users.noreply.github.com
Hannes Gräuler hgraeule@uos.de
Jesse Crocker jesse@gaiagps.com
Juan Luis Cano Rodríguez Juanlu001@users.noreply.github.com
Ludovic Delauné ludotux@gmail.com
Martijn Visser mgvisser@gmail.com
Matthew Perry perrygeo@users.noreply.github.com
Michael Weisman michael@urbanmapping.com
Oliver Tonnhofer olt@bogosoft.com
Stefano Costa steko@iosa.it
Stephane Poss stephposs@gmail.com
dimlev dimlev@gmail.com
wilsaj

The GeoPandas project (Joris Van den Bossche et al.) has been a major driver for new features in 1.8.0.

Fiona would not be possible without the great work of Frank Warmerdam and other GDAL/OGR developers.

Some portions of this work were supported by a grant (for Pleiades_) from the U.S. National Endowment for the Humanities (http://www.neh.gov).

.. _Pleiades: http://pleiades.stoa.org