Werkzeug

werkzeug German noun: "tool". Etymology: werk ("work"), zeug ("stuff")

Werkzeug is a comprehensive WSGI_ web application library. It began as a simple collection of various utilities for WSGI applications and has become one of the most advanced WSGI utility libraries.

It includes:

• An interactive debugger that allows inspecting stack traces and source code in the browser with an interactive interpreter for any frame in the stack.
• A full-featured request object with objects to interact with headers, query args, form data, files, and cookies.
• A response object that can wrap other WSGI applications and handle streaming data.
• A routing system for matching URLs to endpoints and generating URLs for endpoints, with an extensible system for capturing variables from URLs.
• HTTP utilities to handle entity tags, cache control, dates, user agents, cookies, files, and more.
• A threaded WSGI server for use while developing applications locally.
• A test client for simulating HTTP requests during testing without requiring running a server.

Werkzeug is Unicode aware and doesn't enforce any dependencies. It is up to the developer to choose a template engine, database adapter, and even how to handle requests. It can be used to build all sorts of end user applications such as blogs, wikis, or bulletin boards.

Flask_ wraps Werkzeug, using it to handle the details of WSGI while providing more structure and patterns for defining powerful applications.

Installing

Install and update using pip_:

.. code-block:: text

pip install -U Werkzeug

A Simple Example

.. code-block:: python

from werkzeug.wrappers import Request, Response

@Request.application
def application(request):
    return Response('Hello, World!')

if __name__ == '__main__':
    from werkzeug.serving import run_simple
    run_simple('localhost', 4000, application)

Links

• Website: https://palletsprojects.com/p/werkzeug/
• Documentation: https://werkzeug.palletsprojects.com/
• Releases: https://pypi.org/project/Werkzeug/
• Code: https://github.com/pallets/werkzeug
• Issue tracker: https://github.com/pallets/werkzeug/issues
• Test status: https://dev.azure.com/pallets/werkzeug/_build
• Official chat: https://discord.gg/t6rrQZH

.. _WSGI: https://wsgi.readthedocs.io/en/latest/ .. _Flask: https://www.palletsprojects.com/p/flask/ .. _pip: https://pip.pypa.io/en/stable/quickstart/