enum --- support for enumerations

.. :synopsis: enumerations are sets of symbolic names bound to unique, constant values. .. :moduleauthor:: Ethan Furman [email protected] .. :sectionauthor:: Barry Warsaw [email protected], .. :sectionauthor:: Eli Bendersky [email protected], .. :sectionauthor:: Ethan Furman [email protected]

---

An enumeration is a set of symbolic names (members) bound to unique, constant values. Within an enumeration, the members can be compared by identity, and the enumeration itself can be iterated over.

Module Contents

This module defines two enumeration classes that can be used to define unique sets of names and values: Enum and IntEnum. It also defines one decorator, unique.

Enum

Base class for creating enumerated constants. See section Functional API_ for an alternate construction syntax.

IntEnum

Base class for creating enumerated constants that are also subclasses of int.

unique

Enum class decorator that ensures only one name is bound to any one value.

Creating an Enum

Enumerations are created using the class syntax, which makes them easy to read and write. An alternative creation method is described in Functional API_. To define an enumeration, subclass Enum as follows::

>>> from enum import Enum
>>> class Color(Enum):
...     red = 1
...     green = 2
...     blue = 3

Note: Nomenclature

• The class Color is an enumeration (or enum)
• The attributes Color.red, Color.green, etc., are enumeration members (or enum members).
• The enum members have names and values (the name of Color.red is red, the value of Color.blue is 3, etc.)

Note:

Even though we use the ``class`` syntax to create Enums, Enums
are not normal Python classes.  See `How are Enums different?`_ for
more details.

Enumeration members have human readable string representations::

>>> print(Color.red)
Color.red

...while their repr has more information::

>>> print(repr(Color.red))
<Color.red: 1>

The type of an enumeration member is the enumeration it belongs to::

>>> type(Color.red)
<enum 'Color'>
>>> isinstance(Color.green, Color)
True
>>>

Enum members also have a property that contains just their item name::

>>> print(Color.red.name)
red

Enumerations support iteration. In Python 3.x definition order is used; in Python 2.x the definition order is not available, but class attribute __order__ is supported; otherwise, value order is used::

>>> class Shake(Enum):
...   __order__ = 'vanilla chocolate cookies mint'  # only needed in 2.x
...   vanilla = 7
...   chocolate = 4
...   cookies = 9
...   mint = 3
...
>>> for shake in Shake:
...   print(shake)
...
Shake.vanilla
Shake.chocolate
Shake.cookies
Shake.mint

The __order__ attribute is always removed, and in 3.x it is also ignored (order is definition order); however, in the stdlib version it will be ignored but not removed.

Enumeration members are hashable, so they can be used in dictionaries and sets::

>>> apples = {}
>>> apples[Color.red] = 'red delicious'
>>> apples[Color.green] = 'granny smith'
>>> apples == {Color.red: 'red delicious', Color.green: 'granny smith'}
True

Programmatic access to enumeration members and their attributes

Sometimes it's useful to access members in enumerations programmatically (i.e. situations where Color.red won't do because the exact color is not known at program-writing time). Enum allows such access::

>>> Color(1)
<Color.red: 1>
>>> Color(3)
<Color.blue: 3>

If you want to access enum members by name, use item access::

>>> Color['red']
<Color.red: 1>
>>> Color['green']
<Color.green: 2>

If have an enum member and need its name or value::

>>> member = Color.red
>>> member.name
'red'
>>> member.value
1

Duplicating enum members and values

Having two enum members (or any other attribute) with the same name is invalid; in Python 3.x this would raise an error, but in Python 2.x the second member simply overwrites the first::

>>> # python 2.x
>>> class Shape(Enum):
...   square = 2
...   square = 3
...
>>> Shape.square
<Shape.square: 3>

>>> # python 3.x
>>> class Shape(Enum):
...   square = 2
...   square = 3
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
TypeError: Attempted to reuse key: 'square'

However, two enum members are allowed to have the same value. Given two members A and B with the same value (and A defined first), B is an alias to A. By-value lookup of the value of A and B will return A. By-name lookup of B will also return A::

>>> class Shape(Enum):
...   __order__ = 'square diamond circle alias_for_square'  # only needed in 2.x
...   square = 2
...   diamond = 1
...   circle = 3
...   alias_for_square = 2
...
>>> Shape.square
<Shape.square: 2>
>>> Shape.alias_for_square
<Shape.square: 2>
>>> Shape(2)
<Shape.square: 2>

Allowing aliases is not always desirable. unique can be used to ensure that none exist in a particular enumeration::

>>> from enum import unique
>>> @unique
... class Mistake(Enum):
...   __order__ = 'one two three four'  # only needed in 2.x
...   one = 1
...   two = 2
...   three = 3
...   four = 3
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: duplicate names found in <enum 'Mistake'>: four -> three

Iterating over the members of an enum does not provide the aliases::

>>> list(Shape)
[<Shape.square: 2>, <Shape.diamond: 1>, <Shape.circle: 3>]

The special attribute __members__ is a dictionary mapping names to members. It includes all names defined in the enumeration, including the aliases::

>>> for name, member in sorted(Shape.__members__.items()):
...   name, member
...
('alias_for_square', <Shape.square: 2>)
('circle', <Shape.circle: 3>)
('diamond', <Shape.diamond: 1>)
('square', <Shape.square: 2>)

The __members__ attribute can be used for detailed programmatic access to the enumeration members. For example, finding all the aliases::

>>> [name for name, member in Shape.__members__.items() if member.name != name]
['alias_for_square']

Comparisons

Enumeration members are compared by identity::

>>> Color.red is Color.red
True
>>> Color.red is Color.blue
False
>>> Color.red is not Color.blue
True

Ordered comparisons between enumeration values are not supported. Enum members are not integers (but see IntEnum_ below)::

>>> Color.red < Color.blue
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
TypeError: unorderable types: Color() < Color()

.. warning::

In Python 2 *everything* is ordered, even though the ordering may not
make sense.  If you want your enumerations to have a sensible ordering
check out the `OrderedEnum`_ recipe below.

Equality comparisons are defined though::

>>> Color.blue == Color.red
False
>>> Color.blue != Color.red
True
>>> Color.blue == Color.blue
True

Comparisons against non-enumeration values will always compare not equal (again, IntEnum was explicitly designed to behave differently, see below)::

>>> Color.blue == 2
False

Allowed members and attributes of enumerations

The examples above use integers for enumeration values. Using integers is short and handy (and provided by default by the Functional API_), but not strictly enforced. In the vast majority of use-cases, one doesn't care what the actual value of an enumeration is. But if the value is important, enumerations can have arbitrary values.

Enumerations are Python classes, and can have methods and special methods as usual. If we have this enumeration::

>>> class Mood(Enum):
...   funky = 1
...   happy = 3
... 
...   def describe(self):
...     # self is the member here
...     return self.name, self.value
... 
...   def __str__(self):
...     return 'my custom str! {0}'.format(self.value)
... 
...   @classmethod
...   def favorite_mood(cls):
...     # cls here is the enumeration
...     return cls.happy

Then::

>>> Mood.favorite_mood()
<Mood.happy: 3>
>>> Mood.happy.describe()
('happy', 3)
>>> str(Mood.funky)
'my custom str! 1'

The rules for what is allowed are as follows: sunder names (starting and ending with a single underscore) are reserved by enum and cannot be used; all other attributes defined within an enumeration will become members of this enumeration, with the exception of dunder names and descriptors (methods are also descriptors).

Note:

If your enumeration defines ``__new__`` and/or ``__init__`` then
whatever value(s) were given to the enum member will be passed into
those methods.  See `Planet`_ for an example.

Restricted subclassing of enumerations

Subclassing an enumeration is allowed only if the enumeration does not define any members. So this is forbidden::

>>> class MoreColor(Color):
...   pink = 17
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
TypeError: Cannot extend enumerations

But this is allowed::

>>> class Foo(Enum):
...   def some_behavior(self):
...     pass
...
>>> class Bar(Foo):
...   happy = 1
...   sad = 2
...

Allowing subclassing of enums that define members would lead to a violation of some important invariants of types and instances. On the other hand, it makes sense to allow sharing some common behavior between a group of enumerations. (See OrderedEnum_ for an example.)

Pickling

Enumerations can be pickled and unpickled::

>>> from enum.test_enum import Fruit
>>> from pickle import dumps, loads
>>> Fruit.tomato is loads(dumps(Fruit.tomato, 2))
True

The usual restrictions for pickling apply: picklable enums must be defined in the top level of a module, since unpickling requires them to be importable from that module.

Note:

With pickle protocol version 4 (introduced in Python 3.4) it is possible
to easily pickle enums nested in other classes.

Functional API

The Enum class is callable, providing the following functional API::

>>> Animal = Enum('Animal', 'ant bee cat dog')
>>> Animal
<enum 'Animal'>
>>> Animal.ant
<Animal.ant: 1>
>>> Animal.ant.value
1
>>> list(Animal)
[<Animal.ant: 1>, <Animal.bee: 2>, <Animal.cat: 3>, <Animal.dog: 4>]

The semantics of this API resemble namedtuple. The first argument of the call to Enum is the name of the enumeration.

The second argument is the source of enumeration member names. It can be a whitespace-separated string of names, a sequence of names, a sequence of 2-tuples with key/value pairs, or a mapping (e.g. dictionary) of names to values. The last two options enable assigning arbitrary values to enumerations; the others auto-assign increasing integers starting with 1. A new class derived from Enum is returned. In other words, the above assignment to Animal is equivalent to::

>>> class Animals(Enum):
...   ant = 1
...   bee = 2
...   cat = 3
...   dog = 4

Pickling enums created with the functional API can be tricky as frame stack implementation details are used to try and figure out which module the enumeration is being created in (e.g. it will fail if you use a utility function in separate module, and also may not work on IronPython or Jython). The solution is to specify the module name explicitly as follows::

>>> Animals = Enum('Animals', 'ant bee cat dog', module=__name__)

Derived Enumerations

IntEnum ^^^^^^^

A variation of Enum is provided which is also a subclass of int. Members of an IntEnum can be compared to integers; by extension, integer enumerations of different types can also be compared to each other::

>>> from enum import IntEnum
>>> class Shape(IntEnum):
...   circle = 1
...   square = 2
...
>>> class Request(IntEnum):
...   post = 1
...   get = 2
...
>>> Shape == 1
False
>>> Shape.circle == 1
True
>>> Shape.circle == Request.post
True

However, they still can't be compared to standard Enum enumerations::

>>> class Shape(IntEnum):
...   circle = 1
...   square = 2
...
>>> class Color(Enum):
...   red = 1
...   green = 2
...
>>> Shape.circle == Color.red
False

IntEnum values behave like integers in other ways you'd expect::

>>> int(Shape.circle)
1
>>> ['a', 'b', 'c'][Shape.circle]
'b'
>>> [i for i in range(Shape.square)]
[0, 1]

For the vast majority of code, Enum is strongly recommended, since IntEnum breaks some semantic promises of an enumeration (by being comparable to integers, and thus by transitivity to other unrelated enumerations). It should be used only in special cases where there's no other choice; for example, when integer constants are replaced with enumerations and backwards compatibility is required with code that still expects integers.

Others ^^^^^^

While IntEnum is part of the enum module, it would be very simple to implement independently::

class IntEnum(int, Enum):
    pass

This demonstrates how similar derived enumerations can be defined; for example a StrEnum that mixes in str instead of int.

Some rules:

1. When subclassing Enum, mix-in types must appear before Enum itself in the sequence of bases, as in the IntEnum example above.
2. While Enum can have members of any type, once you mix in an additional type, all the members must have values of that type, e.g. int above. This restriction does not apply to mix-ins which only add methods and don't specify another data type such as int or str.
3. When another data type is mixed in, the value attribute is not the same as the enum member itself, although it is equivalant and will compare equal.

4. %-style formatting: %s and %r call Enum's __str__ and __repr__ respectively; other codes (such as %i or %h for IntEnum) treat the enum member as its mixed-in type.

   Note: Prior to Python 3.4 there is a bug in str's %-formatting: int subclasses are printed as strings and not numbers when the %d, %i, or %u codes are used.

5. str.__format__ (or format) will use the mixed-in type's __format__. If the Enum's str or repr is desired use the !s or !r str format codes.

Decorators

unique ^^^^^^

A class decorator specifically for enumerations. It searches an enumeration's __members__ gathering any aliases it finds; if any are found ValueError is raised with the details::

>>> @unique
... class NoDupes(Enum):
...    first = 'one'
...    second = 'two'
...    third = 'two'
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: duplicate names found in <enum 'NoDupes'>: third -> second

Interesting examples

While Enum and IntEnum are expected to cover the majority of use-cases, they cannot cover them all. Here are recipes for some different types of enumerations that can be used directly, or as examples for creating one's own.

AutoNumber ^^^^^^^^^^

Avoids having to specify the value for each enumeration member::

>>> class AutoNumber(Enum):
...     def __new__(cls):
...         value = len(cls.__members__) + 1
...         obj = object.__new__(cls)
...         obj._value_ = value
...         return obj
...
>>> class Color(AutoNumber):
...     __order__ = "red green blue"  # only needed in 2.x
...     red = ()
...     green = ()
...     blue = ()
...
>>> Color.green.value == 2
True

Note:

The `__new__` method, if defined, is used during creation of the Enum
members; it is then replaced by Enum's `__new__` which is used after
class creation for lookup of existing members.  Due to the way Enums are
supposed to behave, there is no way to customize Enum's `__new__`.

UniqueEnum ^^^^^^^^^^

Raises an error if a duplicate member name is found instead of creating an alias::

>>> class UniqueEnum(Enum):
...     def __init__(self, *args):
...         cls = self.__class__
...         if any(self.value == e.value for e in cls):
...             a = self.name
...             e = cls(self.value).name
...             raise ValueError(
...                     "aliases not allowed in UniqueEnum:  %r --> %r"
...                     % (a, e))
... 
>>> class Color(UniqueEnum):
...     red = 1
...     green = 2
...     blue = 3
...     grene = 2
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: aliases not allowed in UniqueEnum:  'grene' --> 'green'

OrderedEnum ^^^^^^^^^^^

An ordered enumeration that is not based on IntEnum and so maintains the normal Enum invariants (such as not being comparable to other enumerations)::

>>> class OrderedEnum(Enum):
...     def __ge__(self, other):
...         if self.__class__ is other.__class__:
...             return self._value_ >= other._value_
...         return NotImplemented
...     def __gt__(self, other):
...         if self.__class__ is other.__class__:
...             return self._value_ > other._value_
...         return NotImplemented
...     def __le__(self, other):
...         if self.__class__ is other.__class__:
...             return self._value_ <= other._value_
...         return NotImplemented
...     def __lt__(self, other):
...         if self.__class__ is other.__class__:
...             return self._value_ < other._value_
...         return NotImplemented
...
>>> class Grade(OrderedEnum):
...     __ordered__ = 'A B C D F'
...     A = 5
...     B = 4
...     C = 3
...     D = 2
...     F = 1
...
>>> Grade.C < Grade.A
True

Planet ^^^^^^

If __new__ or __init__ is defined the value of the enum member will be passed to those methods::

>>> class Planet(Enum):
...     MERCURY = (3.303e+23, 2.4397e6)
...     VENUS   = (4.869e+24, 6.0518e6)
...     EARTH   = (5.976e+24, 6.37814e6)
...     MARS    = (6.421e+23, 3.3972e6)
...     JUPITER = (1.9e+27,   7.1492e7)
...     SATURN  = (5.688e+26, 6.0268e7)
...     URANUS  = (8.686e+25, 2.5559e7)
...     NEPTUNE = (1.024e+26, 2.4746e7)
...     def __init__(self, mass, radius):
...         self.mass = mass       # in kilograms
...         self.radius = radius   # in meters
...     @property
...     def surface_gravity(self):
...         # universal gravitational constant  (m3 kg-1 s-2)
...         G = 6.67300E-11
...         return G * self.mass / (self.radius * self.radius)
... 
>>> Planet.EARTH.value
(5.976e+24, 6378140.0)
>>> Planet.EARTH.surface_gravity
9.802652743337129

How are Enums different?

Enums have a custom metaclass that affects many aspects of both derived Enum classes and their instances (members).

Enum Classes ^^^^^^^^^^^^

The EnumMeta metaclass is responsible for providing the __contains__, __dir__, __iter__ and other methods that allow one to do things with an Enum class that fail on a typical class, such as list(Color) or some_var in Color. EnumMeta is responsible for ensuring that various other methods on the final Enum class are correct (such as __new__, __getnewargs__, __str__ and __repr__)

Enum Members (aka instances) ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

The most interesting thing about Enum members is that they are singletons. EnumMeta creates them all while it is creating the Enum class itself, and then puts a custom __new__ in place to ensure that no new ones are ever instantiated by returning only the existing member instances.

Finer Points ^^^^^^^^^^^^

Enum members are instances of an Enum class, and even though they are accessible as EnumClass.member, they are not accessible directly from the member::

>>> Color.red
<Color.red: 1>
>>> Color.red.blue
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
AttributeError: 'Color' object has no attribute 'blue'

Likewise, __members__ is only available on the class.

In Python 3.x __members__ is always an OrderedDict, with the order being the definition order. In Python 2.7 __members__ is an OrderedDict if __order__ was specified, and a plain dict otherwise. In all other Python 2.x versions __members__ is a plain dict even if __order__ was specified as the OrderedDict type didn't exist yet.

If you give your Enum subclass extra methods, like the Planet_ class above, those methods will show up in a dir of the member, but not of the class::

>>> dir(Planet)
['EARTH', 'JUPITER', 'MARS', 'MERCURY', 'NEPTUNE', 'SATURN', 'URANUS',
'VENUS', '__class__', '__doc__', '__members__', '__module__']
>>> dir(Planet.EARTH)
['__class__', '__doc__', '__module__', 'name', 'surface_gravity', 'value']

A __new__ method will only be used for the creation of the Enum members -- after that it is replaced. This means if you wish to change how Enum members are looked up you either have to write a helper function or a classmethod.