Requests: HTTP for Humans

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Requests is the only Non-GMO HTTP library for Python, safe for human consumption.

Warning: Recreational use of other HTTP libraries may result in dangerous side-effects, including: security vulnerabilities, verbose code, reinventing the wheel, constantly reading documentation, depression, headaches, or even death.

Behold, the power of Requests:

.. code-block:: python

>>> r = requests.get('https://api.github.com/user', auth=('user', 'pass'))
>>> r.status_code
200
>>> r.headers['content-type']
'application/json; charset=utf8'
>>> r.encoding
'utf-8'
>>> r.text
u'{"type":"User"...'
>>> r.json()
{u'disk_usage': 368627, u'private_gists': 484, ...}

See the similar code, sans Requests <https://gist.github.com/973705>_.

.. image:: http://docs.python-requests.org/en/master/_static/requests-sidebar.png :target: http://docs.python-requests.org/

Requests allows you to send organic, grass-fed HTTP/1.1 requests, without the need for manual labor. There's no need to manually add query strings to your URLs, or to form-encode your POST data. Keep-alive and HTTP connection pooling are 100% automatic, powered by urllib3 <https://github.com/shazow/urllib3>_, which is embedded within Requests.

Besides, all the cool kids are doing it. Requests is one of the most downloaded Python packages of all time, pulling in over 7,000,000 downloads every month. You don't want to be left out!

Feature Support

Requests is ready for today's web.

International Domains and URLs
Keep-Alive & Connection Pooling
Sessions with Cookie Persistence
Browser-style SSL Verification
Basic/Digest Authentication
Elegant Key/Value Cookies
Automatic Decompression
Automatic Content Decoding
Unicode Response Bodies
Multipart File Uploads
HTTP(S) Proxy Support
Connection Timeouts
Streaming Downloads
.netrc Support
Chunked Requests
Thread-safety

Requests officially supports Python 2.62.7 & 3.33.7, and runs great on PyPy.

Installation

To install Requests, simply:

.. code-block:: bash

$ pip install requests

Satisfaction, guaranteed.

Documentation

Fantastic documentation is available at http://docs.python-requests.org/, for a limited time only.

How to Contribute

. Check for open issues or open a fresh issue to start a discussion around a feature idea or a bug. There is a `Contributor Friendly`_ tag for issues that should be ideal for people who are not very familiar with the codebase yet.

. Fork `the repository`_ on GitHub to start making your changes to the master branch (or branch off of it).

. Write a test which shows that the bug was fixed or that the feature works as expected.

. Send a pull request and bug the maintainer until it gets merged and published. :) Make sure to add yourself to AUTHORS_.

.. _the repository: http://github.com/kennethreitz/requests .. _AUTHORS: https://github.com/kennethreitz/requests/blob/master/AUTHORS.rst .. _Contributor Friendly: https://github.com/kennethreitz/requests/issues?direction=desc&labels=Contributor+Friendly&page=1&sort=updated&state=open

.. :changelog:

Release History

2.13.0 (2017-01-24) +++++++++++++++++++

Features

Only load the idna library when we've determined we need it. This will save some memory for users.

Miscellaneous

Updated bundled urllib3 to 1.20.
Updated bundled idna to 2.2.

2.12.5 (2017-01-18) +++++++++++++++++++

Bugfixes

Fixed an issue with JSON encoding detection, specifically detecting big-endian UTF-32 with BOM.

2.12.4 (2016-12-14) +++++++++++++++++++

Bugfixes

Fixed regression from 2.12.2 where non-string types were rejected in the basic auth parameters. While support for this behaviour has been readded, the behaviour is deprecated and will be removed in the future.

2.12.3 (2016-12-01) +++++++++++++++++++

Bugfixes

Fixed regression from v2.12.1 for URLs with schemes that begin with "http". These URLs have historically been processed as though they were HTTP-schemed URLs, and so have had parameters added. This was removed in v2.12.2 in an overzealous attempt to resolve problems with IDNA-encoding those URLs. This change was reverted: the other fixes for IDNA-encoding have been judged to be sufficient to return to the behaviour Requests had before v2.12.0.

2.12.2 (2016-11-30) +++++++++++++++++++

Bugfixes

Fixed several issues with IDNA-encoding URLs that are technically invalid but which are widely accepted. Requests will now attempt to IDNA-encode a URL if it can but, if it fails, and the host contains only ASCII characters, it will be passed through optimistically. This will allow users to opt-in to using IDNA2003 themselves if they want to, and will also allow technically invalid but still common hostnames.
Fixed an issue where URLs with leading whitespace would raise InvalidSchema errors.
Fixed an issue where some URLs without the HTTP or HTTPS schemes would still have HTTP URL preparation applied to them.
Fixed an issue where Unicode strings could not be used in basic auth.
Fixed an issue encountered by some Requests plugins where constructing a Response object would cause Response.content to raise an AttributeError.

2.12.1 (2016-11-16) +++++++++++++++++++

Bugfixes

Updated setuptools 'security' extra for the new PyOpenSSL backend in urllib3.

Miscellaneous

Updated bundled urllib3 to 1.19.1.

2.12.0 (2016-11-15) +++++++++++++++++++

Improvements

Updated support for internationalized domain names from IDNA2003 to IDNA2008. This updated support is required for several forms of IDNs and is mandatory for .de domains.
Much improved heuristics for guessing content lengths: Requests will no longer read an entire StringIO into memory.
Much improved logic for recalculating Content-Length headers for PreparedRequest objects.
Improved tolerance for file-like objects that have no tell method but do have a seek method.
Anything that is a subclass of Mapping is now treated like a dictionary by the data= keyword argument.
Requests now tolerates empty passwords in proxy credentials, rather than stripping the credentials.
If a request is made with a file-like object as the body and that request is redirected with a 307 or 308 status code, Requests will now attempt to rewind the body object so it can be replayed.

Bugfixes

When calling response.close, the call to close will be propagated through to non-urllib3 backends.
Fixed issue where the ALL_PROXY environment variable would be preferred over scheme-specific variables like HTTP_PROXY.
Fixed issue where non-UTF8 reason phrases got severely mangled by falling back to decoding using ISO 8859-1 instead.
Fixed a bug where Requests would not correctly correlate cookies set when using custom Host headers if those Host headers did not use the native string type for the platform.

Miscellaneous

Updated bundled urllib3 to 1.19.
Updated bundled certifi certs to 2016.09.26.

2.11.1 (2016-08-17) +++++++++++++++++++

Bugfixes

Fixed a bug when using iter_content with decode_unicode=True for streamed bodies would raise AttributeError. This bug was introduced in 2.11.
Strip Content-Type and Transfer-Encoding headers from the header block when following a redirect that transforms the verb from POST/PUT to GET.

2.11.0 (2016-08-08) +++++++++++++++++++

Improvements

Added support for the ALL_PROXY environment variable.
Reject header values that contain leading whitespace or newline characters to reduce risk of header smuggling.

Bugfixes

Fixed occasional TypeError when attempting to decode a JSON response that occurred in an error case. Now correctly returns a ValueError.
Requests would incorrectly ignore a non-CIDR IP address in the NO_PROXY environment variables: Requests now treats it as a specific IP.
Fixed a bug when sending JSON data that could cause us to encounter obscure OpenSSL errors in certain network conditions (yes, really).
Added type checks to ensure that iter_content only accepts integers and None for chunk sizes.
Fixed issue where responses whose body had not been fully consumed would have the underlying connection closed but not returned to the connection pool, which could cause Requests to hang in situations where the HTTPAdapter had been configured to use a blocking connection pool.

Miscellaneous

Updated bundled urllib3 to 1.16.
Some previous releases accidentally accepted non-strings as acceptable header values. This release does not.

2.10.0 (2016-04-29) +++++++++++++++++++

New Features

SOCKS Proxy Support! (requires PySocks; $ pip install requests[socks])

Miscellaneous

Updated bundled urllib3 to 1.15.1.

2.9.2 (2016-04-29) ++++++++++++++++++

Improvements

Change built-in CaseInsensitiveDict (used for headers) to use OrderedDict as its underlying datastore.

Bugfixes

Don't use redirectcache if allowredirects=False
When passed objects that throw exceptions from tell(), send them via chunked transfer encoding instead of failing.
Raise a ProxyError for proxy related connection issues.

2.9.1 (2015-12-21) ++++++++++++++++++

Bugfixes

Resolve regression introduced in 2.9.0 that made it impossible to send binary strings as bodies in Python 3.
Fixed errors when calculating cookie expiration dates in certain locales.

Miscellaneous

Updated bundled urllib3 to 1.13.1.

2.9.0 (2015-12-15) ++++++++++++++++++

Minor Improvements (Backwards compatible)

The verify keyword argument now supports being passed a path to a directory of CA certificates, not just a single-file bundle.
Warnings are now emitted when sending files opened in text mode.
Added the 511 Network Authentication Required status code to the status code registry.

Bugfixes

For file-like objects that are not seeked to the very beginning, we now send the content length for the number of bytes we will actually read, rather than the total size of the file, allowing partial file uploads.
When uploading file-like objects, if they are empty or have no obvious content length we set Transfer-Encoding: chunked rather than Content-Length: 0.
We correctly receive the response in buffered mode when uploading chunked bodies.
We now handle being passed a query string as a bytestring on Python 3, by decoding it as UTF-8.
Sessions are now closed in all cases (exceptional and not) when using the functional API rather than leaking and waiting for the garbage collector to clean them up.
Correctly handle digest auth headers with a malformed qop directive that contains no token, by treating it the same as if no qop directive was provided at all.
Minor performance improvements when removing specific cookies by name.

Miscellaneous

Updated urllib3 to 1.13.

2.8.1 (2015-10-13) ++++++++++++++++++

Bugfixes

Update certificate bundle to match certifi 2015.9.6.2's weak certificate bundle.
Fix a bug in 2.8.0 where requests would raise ConnectTimeout instead of ConnectionError
When using the PreparedRequest flow, requests will now correctly respect the json parameter. Broken in 2.8.0.
When using the PreparedRequest flow, requests will now correctly handle a Unicode-string method name on Python 2. Broken in 2.8.0.

2.8.0 (2015-10-05) ++++++++++++++++++

Minor Improvements (Backwards Compatible)

Requests now supports per-host proxies. This allows the proxies dictionary to have entries of the form {'<scheme>://<hostname>': '<proxy>'}. Host-specific proxies will be used in preference to the previously-supported scheme-specific ones, but the previous syntax will continue to work.
Response.raise_for_status now prints the URL that failed as part of the exception message.
requests.utils.get_netrc_auth now takes an raise_errors kwarg, defaulting to False. When True, errors parsing .netrc files cause exceptions to be thrown.
Change to bundled projects import logic to make it easier to unbundle requests downstream.
Changed the default User-Agent string to avoid leaking data on Linux: now contains only the requests version.

Bugfixes

The json parameter to post() and friends will now only be used if neither data nor files are present, consistent with the documentation.
We now ignore empty fields in the NO_PROXY environment variable.
Fixed problem where httplib.BadStatusLine would get raised if combining stream=True with contextlib.closing.
Prevented bugs where we would attempt to return the same connection back to the connection pool twice when sending a Chunked body.
Miscellaneous minor internal changes.
Digest Auth support is now thread safe.

Updates

Updated urllib3 to 1.12.

2.7.0 (2015-05-03) ++++++++++++++++++

This is the first release that follows our new release process. For more, see our documentation <http://docs.python-requests.org/en/latest/community/release-process/>_.

Bugfixes

Updated urllib3 to 1.10.4, resolving several bugs involving chunked transfer encoding and response framing.

2.6.2 (2015-04-23) ++++++++++++++++++

Bugfixes

Fix regression where compressed data that was sent as chunked data was not properly decompressed. (#2561)

2.6.1 (2015-04-22) ++++++++++++++++++

Bugfixes

Remove VendorAlias import machinery introduced in v2.5.2.
Simplify the PreparedRequest.prepare API: We no longer require the user to pass an empty list to the hooks keyword argument. (c.f. #2552)
Resolve redirects now receives and forwards all of the original arguments to the adapter. (#2503)
Handle UnicodeDecodeErrors when trying to deal with a unicode URL that cannot be encoded in ASCII. (#2540)
Populate the parsed path of the URI field when performing Digest Authentication. (#2426)
Copy a PreparedRequest's CookieJar more reliably when it is not an instance of RequestsCookieJar. (#2527)

2.6.0 (2015-03-14) ++++++++++++++++++

Bugfixes

CVE-2015-2296: Fix handling of cookies on redirect. Previously a cookie without a host value set would use the hostname for the redirected URL exposing requests users to session fixation attacks and potentially cookie stealing. This was disclosed privately by Matthew Daley of BugFuzz <https://bugfuzz.com>_. This affects all versions of requests from v2.1.0 to v2.5.3 (inclusive on both ends).
Fix error when requests is an install_requires dependency and python setup.py test is run. (#2462)
Fix error when urllib3 is unbundled and requests continues to use the vendored import location.
Include fixes to urllib3's header handling.
Requests' handling of unvendored dependencies is now more restrictive.

Features and Improvements

Support bytearrays when passed as parameters in the files argument. (#2468)
Avoid data duplication when creating a request with str, bytes, or bytearray input to the files argument.

2.5.3 (2015-02-24) ++++++++++++++++++

Bugfixes

Revert changes to our vendored certificate bundle. For more context see (#2455, #2456, and http://bugs.python.org/issue23476)

2.5.2 (2015-02-23) ++++++++++++++++++

Features and Improvements

Add sha256 fingerprint support. (shazow/urllib3#540_)
Improve the performance of headers. (shazow/urllib3#544_)

Bugfixes

Copy pip's import machinery. When downstream redistributors remove requests.packages.urllib3 the import machinery will continue to let those same symbols work. Example usage in requests' documentation and 3rd-party libraries relying on the vendored copies of urllib3 will work without having to fallback to the system urllib3.
Attempt to quote parts of the URL on redirect if unquoting and then quoting fails. (#2356)
Fix filename type check for multipart form-data uploads. (#2411)
Properly handle the case where a server issuing digest authentication challenges provides both auth and auth-int qop-values. (#2408)
Fix a socket leak. (shazow/urllib3#549_)
Fix multiple Set-Cookie headers properly. (shazow/urllib3#534_)
Disable the built-in hostname verification. (shazow/urllib3#526_)
Fix the behaviour of decoding an exhausted stream. (shazow/urllib3#535_)

Security

Pulled in an updated cacert.pem.
Drop RC4 from the default cipher list. (shazow/urllib3#551_)

.. _shazow/urllib3#551: https://github.com/shazow/urllib3/pull/551 .. _shazow/urllib3#549: https://github.com/shazow/urllib3/pull/549 .. _shazow/urllib3#544: https://github.com/shazow/urllib3/pull/544 .. _shazow/urllib3#540: https://github.com/shazow/urllib3/pull/540 .. _shazow/urllib3#535: https://github.com/shazow/urllib3/pull/535 .. _shazow/urllib3#534: https://github.com/shazow/urllib3/pull/534 .. _shazow/urllib3#526: https://github.com/shazow/urllib3/pull/526

2.5.1 (2014-12-23) ++++++++++++++++++

Behavioural Changes

Only catch HTTPErrors in raiseforstatus (#2382)

Bugfixes

Handle LocationParseError from urllib3 (#2344)
Handle file-like object filenames that are not strings (#2379)
Unbreak HTTPDigestAuth handler. Allow new nonces to be negotiated (#2389)

2.5.0 (2014-12-01) ++++++++++++++++++

Improvements

Allow usage of urllib3's Retry object with HTTPAdapters (#2216)
The iter_lines method on a response now accepts a delimiter with which to split the content (#2295)

Behavioural Changes

Add deprecation warnings to functions in requests.utils that will be removed in 3.0 (#2309)
Sessions used by the functional API are always closed (#2326)
Restrict requests to HTTP/1.1 and HTTP/1.0 (stop accepting HTTP/0.9) (#2323)

Bugfixes

Only parse the URL once (#2353)
Allow Content-Length header to always be overridden (#2332)
Properly handle files in HTTPDigestAuth (#2333)
Cap redirect_cache size to prevent memory abuse (#2299)
Fix HTTPDigestAuth handling of redirects after authenticating successfully (#2253)
Fix crash with custom method parameter to Session.request (#2317)
Fix how Link headers are parsed using the regular expression library (#2271)

Documentation

Add more references for interlinking (#2348)
Update CSS for theme (#2290)
Update width of buttons and sidebar (#2289)
Replace references of Gittip with Gratipay (#2282)
Add link to changelog in sidebar (#2273)

2.4.3 (2014-10-06) ++++++++++++++++++

Bugfixes

Unicode URL improvements for Python 2.
Re-order JSON param for backwards compat.
Automatically defrag authentication schemes from host/pass URIs. (#2249 <https://github.com/kennethreitz/requests/issues/2249>_)

2.4.2 (2014-10-05) ++++++++++++++++++

Improvements

FINALLY! Add json parameter for uploads! (#2258 <https://github.com/kennethreitz/requests/pull/2258>_)
Support for bytestring URLs on Python 3.x (#2238 <https://github.com/kennethreitz/requests/pull/2238>_)

Bugfixes

Avoid getting stuck in a loop (#2244 <https://github.com/kennethreitz/requests/pull/2244>_)
Multiple calls to iter* fail with unhelpful error. (#2240 <https://github.com/kennethreitz/requests/issues/2240>, #2241 <https://github.com/kennethreitz/requests/issues/2241>)

Documentation

Correct redirection introduction (#2245 <https://github.com/kennethreitz/requests/pull/2245/>_)
Added example of how to send multiple files in one request. (#2227 <https://github.com/kennethreitz/requests/pull/2227/>_)
Clarify how to pass a custom set of CAs (#2248 <https://github.com/kennethreitz/requests/pull/2248/>_)

2.4.1 (2014-09-09) ++++++++++++++++++

Now has a "security" package extras set, $ pip install requests[security]
Requests will now use Certifi if it is available.
Capture and re-raise urllib3 ProtocolError
Bugfix for responses that attempt to redirect to themselves forever (wtf?).

2.4.0 (2014-08-29) ++++++++++++++++++

Behavioral Changes

Connection: keep-alive header is now sent automatically.

Improvements

Support for connect timeouts! Timeout now accepts a tuple (connect, read) which is used to set individual connect and read timeouts.
Allow copying of PreparedRequests without headers/cookies.
Updated bundled urllib3 version.
Refactored settings loading from environment -- new Session.merge_environment_settings.
Handle socket errors in iter_content.

2.3.0 (2014-05-16) ++++++++++++++++++

API Changes

New Response property is_redirect, which is true when the library could have processed this response as a redirection (whether or not it actually did).
The timeout parameter now affects requests with both stream=True and stream=False equally.
The change in v2.0.0 to mandate explicit proxy schemes has been reverted. Proxy schemes now default to http://.
The CaseInsensitiveDict used for HTTP headers now behaves like a normal dictionary when references as string or viewed in the interpreter.

Bugfixes

No longer expose Authorization or Proxy-Authorization headers on redirect. Fix CVE-2014-1829 and CVE-2014-1830 respectively.
Authorization is re-evaluated each redirect.
On redirect, pass url as native strings.
Fall-back to autodetected encoding for JSON when Unicode detection fails.
Headers set to None on the Session are now correctly not sent.
Correctly honor decode_unicode even if it wasn't used earlier in the same response.
Stop advertising compress as a supported Content-Encoding.
The Response.history parameter is now always a list.
Many, many urllib3 bugfixes.

2.2.1 (2014-01-23) ++++++++++++++++++

Bugfixes

Fixes incorrect parsing of proxy credentials that contain a literal or encoded '#' character.
Assorted urllib3 fixes.

2.2.0 (2014-01-09) ++++++++++++++++++

API Changes

New exception: ContentDecodingError. Raised instead of urllib3 DecodeError exceptions.

Bugfixes

Avoid many many exceptions from the buggy implementation of proxy_bypass on OS X in Python 2.6.
Avoid crashing when attempting to get authentication credentials from ~/.netrc when running as a user without a home directory.
Use the correct pool size for pools of connections to proxies.
Fix iteration of CookieJar objects.
Ensure that cookies are persisted over redirect.
Switch back to using chardet, since it has merged with charade.

2.1.0 (2013-12-05) ++++++++++++++++++

Updated CA Bundle, of course.
Cookies set on individual Requests through a Session (e.g. via Session.get()) are no longer persisted to the Session.
Clean up connections when we hit problems during chunked upload, rather than leaking them.
Return connections to the pool when a chunked upload is successful, rather than leaking it.
Match the HTTPbis recommendation for HTTP 301 redirects.
Prevent hanging when using streaming uploads and Digest Auth when a 401 is received.
Values of headers set by Requests are now always the native string type.
Fix previously broken SNI support.
Fix accessing HTTP proxies using proxy authentication.
Unencode HTTP Basic usernames and passwords extracted from URLs.
Support for IP address ranges for no_proxy environment variable
Parse headers correctly when users override the default Host: header.
Avoid munging the URL in case of case-sensitive servers.
Looser URL handling for non-HTTP/HTTPS urls.
Accept unicode methods in Python 2.6 and 2.7.
More resilient cookie handling.
Make Response objects pickleable.
Actually added MD5-sess to Digest Auth instead of pretending to like last time.
Updated internal urllib3.
Fixed @Lukasa's lack of taste.

2.0.1 (2013-10-24) ++++++++++++++++++

Updated included CA Bundle with new mistrusts and automated process for the future
Added MD5-sess to Digest Auth
Accept per-file headers in multipart file POST messages.
Fixed: Don't send the full URL on CONNECT messages.
Fixed: Correctly lowercase a redirect scheme.
Fixed: Cookies not persisted when set via functional API.
Fixed: Translate urllib3 ProxyError into a requests ProxyError derived from ConnectionError.
Updated internal urllib3 and chardet.

2.0.0 (2013-09-24) ++++++++++++++++++

API Changes:

Keys in the Headers dictionary are now native strings on all Python versions, i.e. bytestrings on Python 2, unicode on Python 3.
Proxy URLs now must have an explicit scheme. A MissingSchema exception will be raised if they don't.
Timeouts now apply to read time if Stream=False.
RequestException is now a subclass of IOError, not RuntimeError.
Added new method to PreparedRequest objects: PreparedRequest.copy().
Added new method to Session objects: Session.update_request(). This method updates a Request object with the data (e.g. cookies) stored on the Session.
Added new method to Session objects: Session.prepare_request(). This method updates and prepares a Request object, and returns the corresponding PreparedRequest object.
Added new method to HTTPAdapter objects: HTTPAdapter.proxy_headers(). This should not be called directly, but improves the subclass interface.
httplib.IncompleteRead exceptions caused by incorrect chunked encoding will now raise a Requests ChunkedEncodingError instead.
Invalid percent-escape sequences now cause a Requests InvalidURL exception to be raised.
HTTP 208 no longer uses reason phrase "im_used". Correctly uses "already_reported".
HTTP 226 reason added ("im_used").

Bugfixes:

Vastly improved proxy support, including the CONNECT verb. Special thanks to the many contributors who worked towards this improvement.
Cookies are now properly managed when 401 authentication responses are received.
Chunked encoding fixes.
Support for mixed case schemes.
Better handling of streaming downloads.
Retrieve environment proxies from more locations.
Minor cookies fixes.
Improved redirect behaviour.
Improved streaming behaviour, particularly for compressed data.
Miscellaneous small Python 3 text encoding bugs.
.netrc no longer overrides explicit auth.
Cookies set by hooks are now correctly persisted on Sessions.
Fix problem with cookies that specify port numbers in their host field.
BytesIO can be used to perform streaming uploads.
More generous parsing of the no_proxy environment variable.
Non-string objects can be passed in data values alongside files.

1.2.3 (2013-05-25) ++++++++++++++++++

Simple packaging fix

1.2.2 (2013-05-23) ++++++++++++++++++

Simple packaging fix

1.2.1 (2013-05-20) ++++++++++++++++++

301 and 302 redirects now change the verb to GET for all verbs, not just POST, improving browser compatibility.
Python 3.3.2 compatibility
Always percent-encode location headers
Fix connection adapter matching to be most-specific first
new argument to the default connection adapter for passing a block argument
prevent a KeyError when there's no link headers

1.2.0 (2013-03-31) ++++++++++++++++++

Fixed cookies on sessions and on requests
Significantly change how hooks are dispatched - hooks now receive all the arguments specified by the user when making a request so hooks can make a secondary request with the same parameters. This is especially necessary for authentication handler authors
certifi support was removed
Fixed bug where using OAuth 1 with body signature_type sent no data
Major proxy work thanks to @Lukasa including parsing of proxy authentication from the proxy url
Fix DigestAuth handling too many 401s
Update vendored urllib3 to include SSL bug fixes
Allow keyword arguments to be passed to json.loads() via the Response.json() method
Don't send Content-Length header by default on GET or HEAD requests
Add elapsed attribute to Response objects to time how long a request took.
Fix RequestsCookieJar
Sessions and Adapters are now picklable, i.e., can be used with the multiprocessing library
Update charade to version 1.0.3

The change in how hooks are dispatched will likely cause a great deal of issues.

1.1.0 (2013-01-10) ++++++++++++++++++

CHUNKED REQUESTS
Support for iterable response bodies
Assume servers persist redirect params
Allow explicit content types to be specified for file data
Make merge_kwargs case-insensitive when looking up keys

1.0.3 (2012-12-18) ++++++++++++++++++

Fix file upload encoding bug
Fix cookie behavior

1.0.2 (2012-12-17) ++++++++++++++++++

Proxy fix for HTTPAdapter.

1.0.1 (2012-12-17) ++++++++++++++++++

Cert verification exception bug.
Proxy fix for HTTPAdapter.

1.0.0 (2012-12-17) ++++++++++++++++++

Massive Refactor and Simplification
Switch to Apache 2.0 license
Swappable Connection Adapters
Mountable Connection Adapters
Mutable ProcessedRequest chain
/s/prefetch/stream
Removal of all configuration
Standard library logging
Make Response.json() callable, not property.
Usage of new charade project, which provides python 2 and 3 simultaneous chardet.
Removal of all hooks except 'response'
Removal of all authentication helpers (OAuth, Kerberos)

This is not a backwards compatible change.

0.14.2 (2012-10-27) +++++++++++++++++++

Improved mime-compatible JSON handling
Proxy fixes
Path hack fixes
Case-Insensitive Content-Encoding headers
Support for CJK parameters in form posts

0.14.1 (2012-10-01) +++++++++++++++++++

Python 3.3 Compatibility
Simply default accept-encoding
Bugfixes

0.14.0 (2012-09-02) ++++++++++++++++++++

No more iter_content errors if already downloaded.

0.13.9 (2012-08-25) +++++++++++++++++++

Fix for OAuth + POSTs
Remove exception eating from dispatch_hook
General bugfixes

0.13.8 (2012-08-21) +++++++++++++++++++

Incredible Link header support :)

0.13.7 (2012-08-19) +++++++++++++++++++

Support for (key, value) lists everywhere.
Digest Authentication improvements.
Ensure proxy exclusions work properly.
Clearer UnicodeError exceptions.
Automatic casting of URLs to strings (fURL and such)
Bugfixes.

0.13.6 (2012-08-06) +++++++++++++++++++

Long awaited fix for hanging connections!

0.13.5 (2012-07-27) +++++++++++++++++++

Packaging fix

0.13.4 (2012-07-27) +++++++++++++++++++

GSSAPI/Kerberos authentication!
App Engine 2.7 Fixes!
Fix leaking connections (from urllib3 update)
OAuthlib path hack fix
OAuthlib URL parameters fix.

0.13.3 (2012-07-12) +++++++++++++++++++

Use simplejson if available.
Do not hide SSLErrors behind Timeouts.
Fixed param handling with urls containing fragments.
Significantly improved information in User Agent.
client certificates are ignored when verify=False

0.13.2 (2012-06-28) +++++++++++++++++++

Zero dependencies (once again)!
New: Response.reason
Sign querystring parameters in OAuth 1.0
Client certificates no longer ignored when verify=False
Add openSUSE certificate support

0.13.1 (2012-06-07) +++++++++++++++++++

Allow passing a file or file-like object as data.
Allow hooks to return responses that indicate errors.
Fix Response.text and Response.json for body-less responses.

0.13.0 (2012-05-29) +++++++++++++++++++

Removal of Requests.async in favor of grequests <https://github.com/kennethreitz/grequests>_
Allow disabling of cookie persistence.
New implementation of safe_mode
cookies.get now supports default argument
Session cookies not saved when Session.request is called with return_response=False
Env: no_proxy support.
RequestsCookieJar improvements.
Various bug fixes.

0.12.1 (2012-05-08) +++++++++++++++++++

New Response.json property.
Ability to add string file uploads.
Fix out-of-range issue with iter_lines.
Fix iter_content default size.
Fix POST redirects containing files.

0.12.0 (2012-05-02) +++++++++++++++++++

EXPERIMENTAL OAUTH SUPPORT!
Proper CookieJar-backed cookies interface with awesome dict-like interface.
Speed fix for non-iterated content chunks.
Move pre_request to a more usable place.
New pre_send hook.
Lazily encode data, params, files.
Load system Certificate Bundle if certify isn't available.
Cleanups, fixes.

0.11.2 (2012-04-22) +++++++++++++++++++

Attempt to use the OS's certificate bundle if certifi isn't available.
Infinite digest auth redirect fix.
Multi-part file upload improvements.
Fix decoding of invalid %encodings in URLs.
If there is no content in a response don't throw an error the second time that content is attempted to be read.
Upload data on redirects.

0.11.1 (2012-03-30) +++++++++++++++++++

POST redirects now break RFC to do what browsers do: Follow up with a GET.
New strict_mode configuration to disable new redirect behavior.

0.11.0 (2012-03-14) +++++++++++++++++++

Private SSL Certificate support
Remove select.poll from Gevent monkeypatching
Remove redundant generator for chunked transfer encoding
Fix: Response.ok raises Timeout Exception in safe_mode

0.10.8 (2012-03-09) +++++++++++++++++++

Generate chunked ValueError fix
Proxy configuration by environment variables
Simplification of iter_lines.
New trust_env configuration for disabling system/environment hints.
Suppress cookie errors.

0.10.7 (2012-03-07) +++++++++++++++++++

encode_uri = False

0.10.6 (2012-02-25) +++++++++++++++++++

Allow '=' in cookies.

0.10.5 (2012-02-25) +++++++++++++++++++

Response body with 0 content-length fix.
New async.imap.
Don't fail on netrc.

0.10.4 (2012-02-20) +++++++++++++++++++

Honor netrc.

0.10.3 (2012-02-20) +++++++++++++++++++

HEAD requests don't follow redirects anymore.
raiseforstatus() doesn't raise for 3xx anymore.
Make Session objects picklable.
ValueError for invalid schema URLs.

0.10.2 (2012-01-15) +++++++++++++++++++

Vastly improved URL quoting.
Additional allowed cookie key values.
Attempted fix for "Too many open files" Error
Replace unicode errors on first pass, no need for second pass.
Append '/' to bare-domain urls before query insertion.
Exceptions now inherit from RuntimeError.
Binary uploads + auth fix.
Bugfixes.

0.10.1 (2012-01-23) +++++++++++++++++++

PYTHON 3 SUPPORT!
Dropped 2.5 Support. (Backwards Incompatible)

0.10.0 (2012-01-21) +++++++++++++++++++

Response.content is now bytes-only. (Backwards Incompatible)
New Response.text is unicode-only.
If no Response.encoding is specified and chardet is available, Response.text will guess an encoding.
Default to ISO-8859-1 (Western) encoding for "text" subtypes.
Removal of decode_unicode. (Backwards Incompatible)
New multiple-hooks system.
New Response.register_hook for registering hooks within the pipeline.
Response.url is now Unicode.

0.9.3 (2012-01-18) ++++++++++++++++++

SSL verify=False bugfix (apparent on windows machines).

0.9.2 (2012-01-18) ++++++++++++++++++

Asynchronous async.send method.
Support for proper chunk streams with boundaries.
session argument for Session classes.
Print entire hook tracebacks, not just exception instance.
Fix response.iter_lines from pending next line.
Fix but in HTTP-digest auth w/ URI having query strings.
Fix in Event Hooks section.
Urllib3 update.

0.9.1 (2012-01-06) ++++++++++++++++++

dangermode for automatic Response.raisefor_status()
Response.iter_lines refactor

0.9.0 (2011-12-28) ++++++++++++++++++

verify ssl is default.

0.8.9 (2011-12-28) ++++++++++++++++++

Packaging fix.

0.8.8 (2011-12-28) ++++++++++++++++++

SSL CERT VERIFICATION!
Release of Cerifi: Mozilla's cert list.
New 'verify' argument for SSL requests.
Urllib3 update.

0.8.7 (2011-12-24) ++++++++++++++++++

iter_lines last-line truncation fix
Force safe_mode for async requests
Handle safe_mode exceptions more consistently
Fix iteration on null responses in safe_mode

0.8.6 (2011-12-18) ++++++++++++++++++

Socket timeout fixes.
Proxy Authorization support.

0.8.5 (2011-12-14) ++++++++++++++++++

Response.iter_lines!

0.8.4 (2011-12-11) ++++++++++++++++++

Prefetch bugfix.
Added license to installed version.

0.8.3 (2011-11-27) ++++++++++++++++++

Converted auth system to use simpler callable objects.
New session parameter to API methods.
Display full URL while logging.

0.8.2 (2011-11-19) ++++++++++++++++++

New Unicode decoding system, based on over-ridable Response.encoding.
Proper URL slash-quote handling.
Cookies with [, ], and _ allowed.

0.8.1 (2011-11-15) ++++++++++++++++++

URL Request path fix
Proxy fix.
Timeouts fix.

0.8.0 (2011-11-13) ++++++++++++++++++

Keep-alive support!
Complete removal of Urllib2
Complete removal of Poster
Complete removal of CookieJars
New ConnectionError raising
Safe_mode for error catching
prefetch parameter for request methods
OPTION method
Async pool size throttling
File uploads send real names
Vendored in urllib3

0.7.6 (2011-11-07) ++++++++++++++++++

Digest authentication bugfix (attach query data to path)

0.7.5 (2011-11-04) ++++++++++++++++++

Response.content = None if there was an invalid response.
Redirection auth handling.

0.7.4 (2011-10-26) ++++++++++++++++++

Session Hooks fix.

0.7.3 (2011-10-23) ++++++++++++++++++

Digest Auth fix.

0.7.2 (2011-10-23) ++++++++++++++++++

PATCH Fix.

0.7.1 (2011-10-23) ++++++++++++++++++

Move away from urllib2 authentication handling.
Fully Remove AuthManager, AuthObject, &c.
New tuple-based auth system with handler callbacks.

0.7.0 (2011-10-22) ++++++++++++++++++

Sessions are now the primary interface.
Deprecated InvalidMethodException.
PATCH fix.
New config system (no more global settings).

0.6.6 (2011-10-19) ++++++++++++++++++

Session parameter bugfix (params merging).

0.6.5 (2011-10-18) ++++++++++++++++++

Offline (fast) test suite.
Session dictionary argument merging.

0.6.4 (2011-10-13) ++++++++++++++++++

Automatic decoding of unicode, based on HTTP Headers.
New decode_unicode setting.
Removal of r.read/close methods.
New r.faw interface for advanced response usage.*
Automatic expansion of parameterized headers.

0.6.3 (2011-10-13) ++++++++++++++++++

Beautiful requests.async module, for making async requests w/ gevent.

0.6.2 (2011-10-09) ++++++++++++++++++

GET/HEAD obeys allow_redirects=False.

0.6.1 (2011-08-20) ++++++++++++++++++

Enhanced status codes experience \o/
Set a maximum number of redirects (settings.max_redirects)
Full Unicode URL support
Support for protocol-less redirects.
Allow for arbitrary request types.
Bugfixes

0.6.0 (2011-08-17) ++++++++++++++++++

New callback hook system
New persistent sessions object and context manager
Transparent Dict-cookie handling
Status code reference object
Removed Response.cached
Added Response.request
All args are kwargs
Relative redirect support
HTTPError handling improvements
Improved https testing
Bugfixes

0.5.1 (2011-07-23) ++++++++++++++++++

International Domain Name Support!
Access headers without fetching entire body (read())
Use lists as dicts for parameters
Add Forced Basic Authentication
Forced Basic is default authentication type
python-requests.org default User-Agent header
CaseInsensitiveDict lower-case caching
Response.history bugfix

0.5.0 (2011-06-21) ++++++++++++++++++

PATCH Support
Support for Proxies
HTTPBin Test Suite
Redirect Fixes
settings.verbose stream writing
Querystrings for all methods
URLErrors (Connection Refused, Timeout, Invalid URLs) are treated as explicitly raised r.requests.get('hwe://blah'); r.raise_for_status()

0.4.1 (2011-05-22) ++++++++++++++++++

Improved Redirection Handling
New 'allow_redirects' param for following non-GET/HEAD Redirects
Settings module refactoring

0.4.0 (2011-05-15) ++++++++++++++++++

Response.history: list of redirected responses
Case-Insensitive Header Dictionaries!
Unicode URLs

0.3.4 (2011-05-14) ++++++++++++++++++

Urllib2 HTTPAuthentication Recursion fix (Basic/Digest)
Internal Refactor
Bytes data upload Bugfix

0.3.3 (2011-05-12) ++++++++++++++++++

Request timeouts
Unicode url-encoded data
Settings context manager and module

0.3.2 (2011-04-15) ++++++++++++++++++

Automatic Decompression of GZip Encoded Content
AutoAuth Support for Tupled HTTP Auth

0.3.1 (2011-04-01) ++++++++++++++++++

Cookie Changes
Response.read()
Poster fix

0.3.0 (2011-02-25) ++++++++++++++++++

Automatic Authentication API Change
Smarter Query URL Parameterization
Allow file uploads and POST data together
New Authentication Manager System
- Simpler Basic HTTP System
- Supports all build-in urllib2 Auths
- Allows for custom Auth Handlers

0.2.4 (2011-02-19) ++++++++++++++++++

Python 2.5 Support
PyPy-c v1.4 Support
Auto-Authentication tests
Improved Request object constructor

0.2.3 (2011-02-15) ++++++++++++++++++

New HTTPHandling Methods
- Response.nonzero (false if bad HTTP Status)
- Response.ok (True if expected HTTP Status)
- Response.error (Logged HTTPError if bad HTTP Status)
- Response.raiseforstatus() (Raises stored HTTPError)

0.2.2 (2011-02-14) ++++++++++++++++++

Still handles request in the event of an HTTPError. (Issue #2)
Eventlet and Gevent Monkeypatch support.
Cookie Support (Issue #1)

0.2.1 (2011-02-14) ++++++++++++++++++

Added file attribute to POST and PUT requests for multipart-encode file uploads.
Added Request.url attribute for context and redirects

0.2.0 (2011-02-14) ++++++++++++++++++

Birth!

0.0.1 (2011-02-13) ++++++++++++++++++

Frustration
Conception

Filters